Re Sba on Festivals in Christianity - 2193 Words

Name of Student: Aneshia Saunders Topic: Major Christian Festivals Subject: Religious Education School Code: 100070 Year of Examination: 2014 Name of Student: Aneshia Saunders Topic: Major Christian Festivals Subject: Religious Education School Code: 100070 Year of Examination: 2014 The topic of this Religious Education School Based Assessment is the major festivals in Christianity. Holidays, feasts and fasts are a significant part of Christian religious practice. The feast days celebrate joyous historical events, such as the birth and resurrection of Christ, while the fast days provide a special opportunity to focus on self-reflection, self-discipline, and repentance. Festivals are a part of the natural human desire to celebrate, and†¦show more content†¦Christmas Christmas or Christmas Day is an auspicious religious festival for Christians. It is being celebrated every year on the specified date December 25 with great fervor to commemorate the birth and life of Lord Jesus Christ. Christians on this occasion gather at the churches at midnight and in the morning for the church service, popularly known as mass, for Christ. Christmas, nominally a holiday is observed in various innovative ways apart from following traditional practices that includes: special dishes, exchanging gifts, offering prayers and enjoying meal with family members. Following the centuries old customs and beliefs, Christians will observe Christmas as a great festival around the Globe. Epiphany | Epiphany is one of the most important Christian festivals, as it shows how God comes to His people and reveals His salvation to the world. Every year this day falls on 6th January or in some countries, on the Sunday that falls between 2nd January and 8th January. The Epiphany is an ancient Christian festival and is important in a number of ways. In some region, the Epiphany celebrates the baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist in the River Jordan. In some other region, this day refers to the visit of the magi (wise men) to the infant Jesus when God revealed himself to the world through the manifestation of Jesus. This day also celebrates Jesus birth. The traditional color for Epiphany is white, which

The Power of the Media in Politics Essay - 1732 Words

The Power of the Media in Politics The mass media possesses a great deal of influence in society and politics in the United States. Newspapers, radio, magazines and television are able to use their own judgment when reporting current events. The power of the mass media is an asset to the government in some instances and a stumbling block in others. Recent technology and regulations related to the media have improved the means by which the public can get information. The final say in what goes into a story, however, belongs to the reporter alone. His opinions and biases are often a main part of the news the public receives. The mass media is the means by which the citizens of the United States†¦show more content†¦The press provides the people with the information necessary for democracy in the United States. According to our textbook, United States Government Democracy in Action, the mass media has been referred to as the fourth branch of government. (527) By simply associating the media with the other three branches of government implies the power of the mass media. The information relayed by the media to the people has played a major part in the democracy of the United States. The advancing technologies in todays world help the media to portray their political views. Television provides the opportunity for political figures to address the public directly, instead of through written means only. In the early 1800s few people actually subscribed to a newspaper. Those who didnt could hear the latest news in local taverns, and often those who did subscribe would mail the newspaper to their friends after they read it. (Remy 52) This way of circulating news was slow and ineffective. Newspaper distribution increased through the 1800s and mid- 1900s. Television proved to be a more convenient way to convey information, so eventually, television caused a decline in newspaper usage. 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Evidence Based Nursing Research Diabetes Therapy

Question: Discuss about the Evidence Based Nursing Research for Diabetes Therapy. Answer: Management of Diabetic Foot Ulcers Diabetic foot ulcers are the complications of the foot caused by Diabetes Mellitus and the foot is further referred to as Diabetic Foot. Since diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder, it impedes the process of wound healing and the complication exceeds. Management of diabetic foot ulcers is normally carried out by offloading the wound with the usage of right footwear, regular saline, debridement and antibiotic, controlling the blood glucose levels and rectification of the peripheral arterial insufficiency (Alexiadou Doupis, 2012). This annotated bibliography will be reviewing and analyzing five peer-reviewed articles, which will be based on the research question designed by the author according to the PICO format. The research question for the annotated bibliography has been presented below. Who are the affected population and what is the comparative intervention and outcome of the management of diabetic foot ulcer? To answer the research question, the author has carried out an annotated bibliography by selecting five peer-reviewed articles. Diabetic foot ulcer is a complication arising out of diabetes and the patients suffering from the disease are the affected population. For investing the process of healing and development of diabetic foot ulcer among the patients with diabetes, the researchers carried out the present prospective cohort study. The sample size was 104 diabetic patients and the study duration was 18.4 10.8 months. The evaluating factors for the study were serum inflammatory cytokines, vascular reactivity and growth factors. Statistical data analysis suggested that the ulcer was developed in 29% of the patients out of which, 53% of the patients healed and 47% did not heal during the study. From the study, it was found that the growth factors like MMP-9 and increased inflammatory cytokines levels are chiefly responsible for the development of the diabetic foot ulcers, along with the vascular and neuropathic factors. From the skin biopsy, it was revealed that the patients with diabetic foot ulcers had inc reased levels of immune cell infiltration when compared with the healthy individuals with higher WBC count and severe neuropathy. All these factors collectively contribute towards the occurrence of the ulcer and patients suffering from these abnormalities are the affected population. Targeting these factors in these patients can be effective in the management of diabetic foot ulcers. The authors of this study compared the characteristics of healing of the diabetic foot ulcers that are treated with standard care and dehydrated human amniotic membrane allografts, also known as EpiFix. The authors conducted a prospective, comparative, parallel-group, randomized, stratified and non-blinded clinical trial for determining the wound care effectiveness of these two therapies. Patients were selected on a randomized basis and were classified into two groups of standard regimen and amniotic membrane group. For the evaluation of outcomes of the study, the patients were observed for a period of 12 weeks and their wound healing characteristics were evaluated. From the study, it was found that greater rates of healing were achieved with Epifix in comparison with the standard care procedure. The amniotic membrane served as a catalyst in the wound healing process. Neurotrophic diabetic foot ulcer was better managed with the EpiFix as 92% of the chronic cases were reported to be h ealed in comparison to 8% of the cases as with the standard method of care. From the study, it can be said that Epifix is an economically feasible and clinically viable option of treatment that can be effective for the management of diabetic foot ulcer. The authors have presented this novel method of treatment with a scientific approach that can be considered by the clinicians as a rapid and efficient option for the patients with diabetic foot ulcer. Since there has been a gap identified by the authors in the management of diabetic foot ulcers, the authors carried out a systematic review that was the continuation of a previous research work by the same authors to identify the improvement in the healing process of the disease. 43 articles were selected from various academic databases like Medline and EMBASE, which were retrospective, and prospective controlled studies and the extracted data from the articles were summarized in the form of tables on a narrative basis. From the review, the authors found that among the recent therapies of diabetic foot ulcer, negative pressure wound therapy and hyperbaric oxygen therapy have been found to be most effective in the healing of diabetic foot ulcer. The authors have analyzed the literature based on the success and failure of the novel therapies and reached the conclusion with sufficient justification towards the found effectiveness of the therapy. From the 43 articles, it was clearly unde rstood that a great deal of research had been conducted on this subject, however, the problem of the disease persists as effective therapies are limited in terms of standard care. Therefore, this attempt by the authors to find a suitable is truly commendable for the effective management of diabetic foot ulcer. The authors carried out a mixed prospective cohort study to identify the factors that are related to the outcome of diabetic foot ulcers due to multidisciplinary treatment. For the study, 2,480 patients were selected who were suffering from diabetic foot ulcers. From the study, the authors identified the complexity factors that are strongly related to the outcome of primary healing of the disease. Diabetic foot ulcers were identified as the sign of the existing multi-organ disease that is underlying. The outcome parameters of the study included primary healing, minor amputation, major amputation and deceased unhealed. During the study, medical treatment was provided to the patients for optimizing the co-morbidity treatment and improving the metabolic control. Multiple regression analysis was carried out with the SPSS statistical software considering the factors of local characteristics, social factors, co-morbidity, clinical characteristics and demographic data. From the results, it was found that the rate of healing was found to be 90.6% without the occurrence of major amputations in the patients who survived. The authors thoroughly investigated the complexity factors that are contributory in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers and prevent the amputation and death cases coming out of the disease. Therefore, it can be said that this research work can be beneficial in reducing the mortality and amputation rates due to diabetic foot ulcer and is focused on its better management. The authors carried out a literature review to determine the management of diabetic foot ulcer and identify the means to reduce the severity of the disease for improving the quality of life. For conducting the review, the authors selected duration between 1980 and 2014 and searched for the peer-reviewed articles from five electronic databases with appropriate keywords. Various study designs were included in the study and the bibliographies were searched for identification of other studies. From the searched articles, the authors carried out an in-depth analysis to determine the effectiveness of each parameter identified various management parameters. The parameter for management included education, debridement, offloading, advanced dressing and surgery. The authors also studied few advanced therapies that included hyperbaric oxygen therapy, electrical stimulation, negative pressure wound therapy, bioengineered skin and growth factors. All these parameters commonly aimed at the manage ment of diabetic foot ulcer and the authors have conducted an extensive analysis with detailed representation of the results from various studies to demonstrate the extent of effectiveness of the individual parameters. From the various articles, the authors identified the severity and the management components for the rapid healing of diabetic foot ulcers for reducing the high morbidity and avoid the serious complications of the disease. Since diabetes happens to be prime reason of the disease, it frequently leads to the development of the ulcer and can cause lower limb amputation, unless appropriate intervention is provided to manage the complications and this issue has thoroughly researched in this article. From the reviewed articles, it can be concluded that diabetic foot ulcer is one of the most serious consequences of diabetes as the condition of the patient is aggravated with the progression of the disease with significant socioeconomic impact. Effective management of the disease can result in healing of the disease, while 5-24% of the cases lead to lower limb amputation after remaining active for a considerable period. Therefore, the management of diabetic foot ulcer remains a therapeutic challenge that requires the reviewing of the treatments and strategies for achieving the goals without increasing the burden of treatment costs. This annotated bibliography has discussed and compared some of the novel approaches, while much has to be done for their appropriate implementation. References Alexiadou, K., Doupis, J. (2012). Management of diabetic foot ulcers.Diabetes Therapy,3(1), 1-15. Apelqvist, J., Elgzyri, T., Larsson, J., Lndahl, M., Nyberg, P., Thrne, J. (2011). Factors related to outcome of neuroischemic/ischemic foot ulcer in diabetic patients.Journal of vascular surgery,53(6), 1582-1588. Dinh, T., Tecilazich, F., Kafanas, A., Doupis, J., Gnardellis, C., Leal, E., Veves, A. (2012). Mechanisms involved in the development and healing of diabetic foot ulceration.Diabetes,61(11), 2937-2947. Game, F. L., Hinchliffe, R. J., Apelqvist, J., Armstrong, D. G., Bakker, K., Hartemann, A., Jeffcoate, W. J. (2012). A systematic review of interventions to enhance the healing of chronic ulcers of the foot in diabetes. Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews,28(S1), 119-141. Yazdanpanah, L., Nasiri, M., Adarvishi, S. (2015). Literature review on the management of diabetic foot ulcer.World J Diabetes,6(1), 37-53. Zelen, C. M., Serena, T. E., Denoziere, G., Fetterolf, D. E. (2013). A prospective randomised comparative parallel study of amniotic membrane wound graft in the management of diabetic foot ulcers.International wound journal,10(5), 502-507. Dinh, T., Tecilazich, F., Kafanas, A., Doupis, J., Gnardellis, C., Leal, E., Veves, A. (2012). Mechanisms involved in the development and healing of diabetic foot ulceration.Diabetes,61(11), 2937-2947.Zelen, C. M., Serena, T. E., Denoziere, G., Fetterolf, D. E. (2013). A prospective randomized comparative parallel study of amniotic membrane wound graft in the management of diabetic foot ulcers.International wound journal,10(5), 502-507.Apelqvist, J., Elgzyri, T., Larsson, J., Lndahl, M., Nyberg, P., Thrne, J. (2011). Factors related to outcome of neuroischemic/ischemic foot ulcer in diabetic patients.Journal of vascular surgery,53(6), 1582-1588. Yazdanpanah, L., Nasiri, M., Adarvishi, S. (2015). Literature review on the management of diabetic foot ulcer.World J Diabetes,6(1), 37-53. Game, F. L., Hinchliffe, R. J., Apelqvist, J., Armstrong, D. G., Bakker, K., Hartemann, A., Jeffcoate, W. J. (2012). A systematic review of interventions to enhance the healing of chronic ulcers of the foot in diabetes.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews,28(S1), 119-141.

Loss Causation Model free essay sample

Loss Causation Model BY ds11969 Loss Causation Model History, Theory Application Before a loss occurs (Injury, illness, damage, loss in process), there are series of events that take place with a root cause that begins this series of events. The root cause is called a Lack of Control (Inadequate standards, lack of compliance for preparedness, knowledge and skill training, etc). This leads to a basic cause (or personal factor) such as lack of knowledge, stress, inadequate capabilities. This in turn leads to an immediate cause (substandard conditions and actions) such as perating without authority, working under the influence of controlled substances, inadequate barriers. This then leads to an Incident a fall, a strike, stress, or being in contact with an unfriendly environment. The incidence leads to the loss. The concept of the Loss Causation Model hence is that when a loss occurs, we need to go back that chain, realize that the root cause is not the incident or the immediate cause, and solve the problem from the root cause in order to prevent the loss from reoccurring. We will write a custom essay sample on Loss Causation Model or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are numerous accident and loss causation models in existence. The two that will be discussing in this report will be H. W. Heinrichs Domino Theory and the ILCI Loss Causation Model. Loss causation models are used as models for safety and accident prevention theory. Loss causation models provide a direction of focus for the individual interested in reducing injuries in an organization. Heinrichs principles date back to 1932 and encourage focusing on near misses instead of injury-related incidents to prevent significant losses from occurring. The International Loss Control Institute developed their own model in 1985, the ILCI Loss Causation model, to provide users a tool to control the vast majority of accidents and loss control roblems. The ILCI model encourages focusing on development of standards, the measurement and evaluation of standards to ensure they are being followed through by members of the organization, and the continuous update of standards to provide a means to prevent injuries in an organization. A more detailed account of each of these loss causation models follows starting with Heinrichs theory. Heinrichs Domino Theory of Loss Causation In his 1932 book Industrial Accident Prevention, H. W. Heinrich wrote that there are five factors in the accident sequence: * The first factor is the social environment nd ancestry. Traits such as recklessness, stubbornness, avariciousness, and other undesirable character traits may be passed along through inheritance. * The second factor is the fault of the person. This factor states that inherited or acquired traits of the person; such as violent temper, lack of consideration, ignorance of safe practice, etc. are responsible for the person committing unsafe acts or allowing the existence of mechanical or physical hazards. * The third factor is the unsafe act and/or mechanical or physical hazard. Unsafe acts include standing under uspended loads, failure to adhere to lock-out/tag-out policy, horseplay, and removal of safeguards. Mechanical or physical hazards include such items as unguarded machinery, unguarded pinch points, and insufficient light. * The fourth factor is flying objects, being caught in machinery, or coming into contact with high energy sources. The fifth and last factor is the injury. Injuries include fractures, lacerations, etc. , that result directly from accidents (Heinrich, 1932). Heinrich then arranges these five factors in a domino fashion such that the fall of the first domino results in the fall of the entire row. The domino arrangement illustrates Heinrichs notion that each factor leads to the next with the end result being the injury. It also illustrates that if one of the factors (dominos) is removed, the sequence is unable to progress and the injury will not occur. While it may be difficult or impossible to change a persons attitude (the first and second domino), proper supervision can guide the persons behavior so that they do not perform a substandard act or allow a substandard condition to exist (the third domino) which leads to an accident (the fourth domino) that leads to an injury (the fifth and final domino). Heinrich also developed a pyramid shaped model to explain the relationship of near-miss accidents to minor injuries and major injuries. Heinrichs pyramid states that for every 300 near-miss incidents, there will be 29 minor injuries, and 1 major injury. This pyramid summarizes Heinrichs belief that-near miss incidents must be prevented in order to eliminate the possibility of reaching each successive level of the pyramid. Figure 1 depicts Heinrichs pyramid. While the terminology and thinking found in Heinrichs Domino Theory of Accident Prevention are dated, the process remains worth review. Properly training employees and managers insures that the management system is working in concert with employees to reduce the occurrence of near misses that, in turn, reduces the opportunity for more severe injuries to occur. A major flaw with Heinrichs model is that it relies on a single cause that leads to an incident. Rarely is an incident the product of a single cause; more likely, an incident is the result of several factors that occurred simultaneously to produce the incident or loss. A more up to date and complete model of loss causation is the ILCI Loss Causation Model that dates to 1985. Where Heinrich focused on reducing the ncidence of near misses, the ILCI model focuses on development of performance standards and enforcement of standards to ensure that employees are performing their work in a safe manner. With emphasis on performance standards, the ILCI model takes a proactive approach to loss prevention and suggests that losses are due to a breakdown in these standards. A closer look at the ILCI model follows. ILCI Loss Causation Theory * Inadequate Management control * Basic causes: personal vs. Job factors * Immediate causes: substandard acts/ conditions * Near hit/accident: contact with energy, substance, and/or people * Loss: people, roduct, service, equipment, facility, and/or environment The International Loss Control Institute has developed the ILCI Loss Causation Model. Like Heinrichs Domino Theory, the ILCI model is based on a sequence of events that leads up to an eventual loss. The events in sequential order are Lack of control, Basic causes, Immediate Causes, Incident/Contact, and Loss. Each event has a role in continuing the loss process to its conclusion, the Loss. To facilitate a better understanding of the ILCI model, the events will be reviewed in reverse, starting from Control (inadequate program or inadequate compliance to standards). To begin, Loss is the result of an accident. Loss can be direct or indirect, both of which must be considered to fully appreciate the impact to a company. Direct loss includes some or all of the following; harm to people, damage to property, or a reduction/halt in productivity. Indirect costs may include, but are not limited to, increased training costs to replace injured employees, legal expenses, investigation time, and loss of business due to unfavorable press. The ILCI Loss Causation Model estimates that for every dollar of direct loss, the indirect costs may be six to fifty-three times as much. Both direct and indirect costs of injury and illness are deducted directly out of profit; conversely, when dollars are saved from accidents the organization realizes increased profits . Prior to the Loss, the Incident occurs that may or may not result in injury to a person or damage to property. A person or object is able to absorb a given amount of energy without harm, however, when the amount of energy exceeds the amount that may be safely absorbed, injury or damage results. This not only applies to an objects kinetic energy that contacts the person or property, but also electrical nergy, acoustic energy, thermal energy, radiant energy, and chemical energy. The American Standard Accident Classification code lists some of the more common types of energy transfers which include: Struck against (running or bumping into) Struck by (hit by moving object) Fall to lower level (either the body falls or the object falls and hits the body) Fall on same level (slip and fall, tip over) Caught in (pinch and nip points) Caught on (snagged, hung) Caught between (crushed or amputated) Contact with (electricity, heat cold, radiation, caustics, toxics, noise) Overstress/ verexertion/overload Continuing up the chain of the ILCI model, Immediate Causes precede the Incident. Immediate Causes are subdivided further into substandard practices and substandard conditions. While Heinrich used the term unsafe act or conditions to describe the direct cause of injuries, use of the term unsafe has fallen out of favor with current trends in accident prevention. The term unsafe calls the organizations ability to identify obvious problems into question, a potential problem in todays litigious society. The term substandard acknowledges that organizations have tandards of performance that are to be followed by all employees and is the accepted term used today. When substandard conditions and/or practices are allowed to occur in a facility, there is always the potential for an energy transfer that is beyond the persons/ob]ects ability to absorb without damage. To clarify substandard practices and substandard conditions, the following examples are provided: Examples of substandard practices would include: Operating equipment without authority Improper loading Horseplay Under influence of alcohol and/or other drugs Examples of substandard conditions would include: Ђ Defective tools, equipment or materials Poor housekeeping; disorderly workplace Inadequate ventilation Prior to the Immediate Cause of the loss are the Basic Causes. Basic Causes must be identified and addressed to allow a more effective control of losses. The Basic Causes help to explain why people perform substandard acts or allow substandard conditions to exist. The ILCI model divides the Basic Causes into two categories, personal factors and Job factors. Personal factors include lack of knowledge, skill, or inability to handle pressures of the Job while Job factors include such items as nadequate training, inappropriate equipment and tools, worn equipment and tools, or inadequate equipment and tools. Lack of Control is the initial step that leads to Basic Causes and allows the sequence to proceed to the eventual loss. According to the ILCI model, there are three common reasons for lack of control; inadequate safety/loss program, inadequate safety/loss program standards, and inadequate compliance with standards. First, an inadequate program occurs when there are too few program activities to address the needs of an organization. Necessary programs will vary depending on the size of the organization, work performed at the rganization, and the methods to perform the work. Common elements of an effective program according to the ILCI model include management and employee training, personal protective equipment, engineering controls, planned inspections, task analysis, emergency preparedness, and incident investigations. Second, inadequate program standards occur when organizations standards are not specific enough, not clear enough, or are not high enough. Program standards need to let people know what is expected of them as well as provide them with a tool to measure their performance against the standard. Third, inadequate compliance is a factor that leads to Lack of Control. Most managers agree that inadequate compliance is probably the single greatest reason for loss. Poor compliance with effective program standards is due to ineffective communication of standards to employees or a failure to enforce standards . ln summary, the ILCI Loss Causation Model indicates that losses begin with a lack of control. With a lack of control, basic causes such as lack of training or inadequate tools and equipment are allowed to occur/exist. These basic causes lead to the immediate causes, which are the existence of a substandard ondition or the performance of a substandard practice. Immediate causes lead to the incident itself, and conclude with the loss. The loss may be to people, property, product, the environment, or the organizations ability to provide its services. It is important to note that it is not the intent of the ILCI model to place blame on individuals for committing substandard acts or for allowing substandard conditions to exist, but rather to encourage managers to evaluate the management system that influences human behavior. Punishment should never be inflicted as the result of an accident investigation . By punishing the employee; attention is shifted away from the management system that allowed the loss to occur in the first place. The ILCI model starts with a lack of control. Control is within the four essential functions of management, which are to plan, lead, control, and organize. Taking this into consideration, it may be summarized that a loss is indicative of a failure on questions, the lack of control in the management system may be identified and addressed to prevent the sequence of events from occurring that leads to the eventual loss. As detailed in the ILCI model and H. W.